Move hack-as up one directory

6 files changed, 1007 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/projects/hack-as/hack-as.c b/projects/hack-as/hack-as.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b152fb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/hack-as/hack-as.c
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define MAX_ASM_LINE_LEN	64
+#define INST_CHUNK_LEN		64
+#define MAX_INST_LEN		32768
+#define MAX_ADDR		32767
+
+#define EXIT_CODE_FILE_ERROR	1
+#define EXIT_CODE_ILLEGAL_CHAR	2
+#define EXIT_CODE_SIZE_EXCEEDED	3
+#define EXIT_CODE_SYNTAX_ERROR	4
+#define EXIT_CODE_ADDR_ERROR	5
+
+struct symbol {
+	char *label;
+	int addr;
+};
+
+char find_illegal_symbol_char(char *symbol) {
+	// symbol should not begin with number
+	// nand2tetris implementation allows it, but the standard says otherwise
+	if (*symbol >= '0' && *symbol <= '9') return *symbol;
+	for (char *c = symbol; *c != '\0'; c++) {
+		if (!((*c >= 'A' && *c <= 'Z') || (*c >= 'a' && *c <= 'z')
+			|| (*c >= '0' && *c <= '9')
+			|| *c == '_' || *c == '.' || *c == '$' || *c == ':')
+		) {
+			return *c;
+		}
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+void print_symbols(struct symbol *symbols, int cnt) {
+	printf("====== SYMBOLS =====\nlabel\taddr\n");
+	for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+		printf("%s\t%d\n", symbols[i].label, symbols[i].addr);
+	}
+}
+
+void print_binary_and_asm(uint16_t *binary, char **asm_lines, int cnt) {
+	printf("\n====== RESULTS =====\naddr\tbinary          \tinst\n");
+	for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+		char binary_str[17];
+		binary_str[16] = '\0';
+		for (int b = 0; b < 16; b++) {
+			binary_str[b] = '0' + (*(binary + i) >> (15 - b)) % 2;
+		}
+		printf("%d\t%s\t%s\n", i, binary_str, asm_lines[i]);
+	}
+}
+
+void write_binary(FILE *file, uint16_t *binary, int cnt) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+		char binary_str[17];
+		binary_str[16] = '\0';
+		for (int b = 0; b < 16; b++) {
+			binary_str[b] = '0' + (*(binary + i) >> (15 - b)) % 2;
+		}
+		fprintf(file, "%s\n", binary_str);
+	}
+}
+
+uint16_t assemble_inst(char *asm_line) {
+	// assemble one line of assembly, terminated with \0
+	// labels and variables must be replaced with corresponding addresses beforehand
+	uint16_t inst = 0;
+	if (*asm_line == '@') {
+		// A instruction
+		char *addr_str = asm_line + 1;
+		int addr = atoi(addr_str);
+		if (addr < 0 || addr > MAX_ADDR) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Address out of range: %d\n", addr);
+			exit(EXIT_CODE_ADDR_ERROR);
+		}
+		inst = (uint16_t) addr;
+	} else {
+		// C instruction
+		inst = 0xe000;	// set 3 MSBs to 1
+		char *eq = asm_line;
+		for (char *c = asm_line; *c != '\0'; c++) {
+			// find first equal sign (eq == asm_line if not found)
+			if (*c == '=') {
+				eq = c;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// slice out destination and copy to dest
+		int dest_len = eq - asm_line;
+		char *dest = malloc(dest_len + 1);
+		strncpy(dest, asm_line, dest_len);
+		dest[dest_len] = '\0';
+		if (dest_len == 0) {}	// ignore
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "M") == 0)	inst |= 0b001 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "D") == 0)	inst |= 0b010 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "MD") == 0)	inst |= 0b011 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "A") == 0)	inst |= 0b100 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "AM") == 0)	inst |= 0b101 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "AD") == 0)	inst |= 0b110 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "AMD") == 0)	inst |= 0b111 << 3;
+		else {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Invalid destination: %s\n", dest);
+			exit(EXIT_CODE_SYNTAX_ERROR);
+		}
+		free(dest);
+
+		char *semi = eq;
+		for (; *semi != '\0'; semi++) {
+			// find jump instruction after semicolon (;) (*semi == '\0' if not found)
+			if (*semi == ';') break;
+		}
+		// ignore if there's no semicolon, or there's nothing after it
+		if (*semi == '\0' || *(semi + 1) == '\0') {}
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JGT") == 0)	inst |= 0b001;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JEQ") == 0)	inst |= 0b010;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JGE") == 0)	inst |= 0b011;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JLT") == 0)	inst |= 0b100;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JNE") == 0)	inst |= 0b101;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JLE") == 0)	inst |= 0b110;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JMP") == 0)	inst |= 0b111;
+		else {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Invalid jump instruction: %s\n", semi + 1);
+			exit(EXIT_CODE_SYNTAX_ERROR);
+		}
+
+		// slice out computation and copy to comp
+		int comp_len = (*eq == '=') ? (semi - eq - 1) : (semi - eq);
+		char *comp = malloc(comp_len + 1);
+		strncpy(comp, (*eq == '=') ? (eq + 1) : eq, comp_len);
+		comp[comp_len] = '\0';
+		if (strcmp(comp, "0") == 0)		inst |= 0b0101010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0111111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "-1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0111010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0001100 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "A") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110000 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "M") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110000 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "!D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0001101 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "!A") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110001 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "!M") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110001 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "-D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0001111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "-A") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110011 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "-M") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110011 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D+1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0011111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "A+1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "M+1") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D-1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0001110 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "A-1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "M-1") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D+A") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "A+D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0000010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D+M") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "M+D") == 0)	inst |= 0b1000010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D-A") == 0)	inst |= 0b0010011 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D-M") == 0)	inst |= 0b1010011 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "A-D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0000111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "M-D") == 0)	inst |= 0b1000111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D&A") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "A&D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0000000 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D&M") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "M&D") == 0)	inst |= 0b1000000 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D|A") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "A|D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0010101 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D|M") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "M|D") == 0)	inst |= 0b1010101 << 6;
+		else {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Invalid computation: %s\n", comp);
+			exit(EXIT_CODE_SYNTAX_ERROR);
+		}
+		free(comp);
+	}
+	return inst;
+}
+
+size_t assembler(char *input_fn, bool verbose) {
+	// open input file
+	FILE *input_file = fopen(input_fn, "r");
+	if (input_file == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open input file: %s\n", input_fn);
+		exit(EXIT_CODE_FILE_ERROR);
+	}
+	// find size of input file
+	fseek(input_file, 0, SEEK_END);
+	size_t file_size = ftell(input_file);
+	fseek(input_file, 0, SEEK_SET);
+	// read input file
+	char *file_content = malloc(file_size);
+	fread(file_content, file_size, 1, input_file);
+	fclose(input_file);
+	
+	// strip away comments, labels, blank lines and whitespace from file_content
+	// resulting in lines of what looks like instructions in assembly but is not necessarily correct
+	// labels in parentheses are assigned corresponding addresses in ROM, then collected in `symbols`
+	// the strings are scattered in the heap but asm_lines collects pointers to them
+	char **asm_lines = calloc(INST_CHUNK_LEN, sizeof(char*));
+	int asm_line_cnt = 0;	// no. of lines (metaphorically) written into asm_lines
+	char *asm_line = malloc(MAX_ASM_LINE_LEN + 1);	// one line of (probably) assembly
+	int asm_char_cnt = 0;		// no. of chars written into asm_line
+	struct symbol symbols[MAX_INST_LEN] = {
+		{"SP", 0}, {"LCL", 1}, {"ARG", 2}, {"THIS", 3}, {"THAT", 4},
+		{"R0", 0}, {"R1", 1}, {"R2", 2}, {"R3", 3},
+		{"R4", 4}, {"R5", 5}, {"R6", 6}, {"R7", 7},
+		{"R8", 8}, {"R9", 9}, {"R10", 10}, {"R11", 11},
+		{"R12", 12}, {"R13", 13}, {"R14", 14}, {"R15", 15},
+		{"SCREEN", 16384}, {"KBD", 24576},
+	};
+	const int predef_symbol_cnt = 23;	// no. of predefined symbols
+	int user_symbol_cnt = 0;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < file_size; i++) {
+		switch (file_content[i]) {
+		case '\n':
+			// end of line; try to figure out what's in asm_line
+			if (asm_char_cnt == 0) continue;	// skip blank line or comment line
+			*(asm_line + asm_char_cnt) = '\0';
+			if (*asm_line == '(' && *(asm_line + asm_char_cnt - 1) == ')') {
+				// this line may be a label; extract label from between the parentheses
+				char *label = malloc(asm_char_cnt - 1);
+				strncpy(label, asm_line + 1, asm_char_cnt - 2);
+				free(asm_line);
+				*(label + asm_char_cnt - 2) = '\0';
+				char illegal_char = find_illegal_symbol_char(label);
+				if (illegal_char != -1) {
+					fprintf(stderr, "Illegal character: %c\n", illegal_char);
+					exit(EXIT_CODE_ILLEGAL_CHAR);
+				}
+				// TODO: error on repeated label
+				symbols[predef_symbol_cnt + user_symbol_cnt] = (struct symbol) {label, asm_line_cnt};
+				user_symbol_cnt++;
+			} else {
+				// this line may be an instruction
+				// if we used up a chunk, realloc asm_lines
+				if (asm_line_cnt > 0 && asm_line_cnt % INST_CHUNK_LEN == 0) {
+					asm_lines = realloc(asm_lines, (asm_line_cnt + INST_CHUNK_LEN) * sizeof(char*));
+				}
+				asm_lines[asm_line_cnt] = asm_line;
+				asm_line_cnt++;
+			}
+			// allocate memory for next line
+			asm_char_cnt = 0;
+			asm_line = malloc(MAX_ASM_LINE_LEN + 1);
+			break;
+		case '/':
+			if (i + 1 < file_size && file_content[i + 1] == '/') {
+				// we encountered a comment
+				// skip to last char of line
+				while (i + 1 < file_size && file_content[i + 1] != '\n') i++;
+			} else {
+				fprintf(stderr, "Illegal character: /\n");
+				exit(EXIT_CODE_ILLEGAL_CHAR);
+			}
+			break;
+		case ' ':
+		case '\t':
+		case '\r':
+			break;	// ignore whitespace and CR
+		default:
+			*(asm_line + asm_char_cnt) = file_content[i];
+			asm_char_cnt++;
+			if (asm_char_cnt > MAX_ASM_LINE_LEN) {
+				fprintf(stderr, "Max assembly line length (%d) exceeded\n", MAX_ASM_LINE_LEN);
+				exit(EXIT_CODE_SIZE_EXCEEDED);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	free(asm_line);
+	free(file_content);
+
+	// find and assign address to variables on the fly
+	int addr = 16;	// variable addresses start at 16
+	for (int i = 0; i < asm_line_cnt; i++) {
+		if (asm_lines[i] == NULL) break;	// no more instructions
+		if (*(asm_lines[i]) != '@') continue;	// not an A-instruction
+		char *addr_str = malloc(strlen(asm_lines[i]));
+		strcpy(addr_str, asm_lines[i] + 1);	// whatever comes after the @
+		if (strlen(addr_str) == 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Address cannot be empty\n");
+			exit(EXIT_CODE_SYNTAX_ERROR);
+		}
+		bool is_symbol = false;
+		for (char *c = addr_str; *c != '\0'; c++) {
+			// search for non-numeric chars in addr_str
+			if (*c < '0' || *c > '9') {
+				is_symbol = true;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!is_symbol) {
+			free(addr_str);
+			continue;	// address is decimal constant
+		}
+		char illegal_char = find_illegal_symbol_char(addr_str);
+		if (illegal_char != -1) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Illegal character: %c\n", illegal_char);
+			exit(EXIT_CODE_ILLEGAL_CHAR);
+		}
+		// search for symbol in list
+		bool found = false;
+		for (int s = 0; s < predef_symbol_cnt + user_symbol_cnt; s++) {
+			if (strcmp(addr_str, symbols[s].label) == 0) {
+				// overwrite asm line with decimal constant
+				sprintf(asm_lines[i], "@%d", symbols[s].addr);
+				found = true;
+				free(addr_str);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!found) {
+			// add symbol to list
+			symbols[predef_symbol_cnt + user_symbol_cnt] = (struct symbol) {addr_str, addr};
+			sprintf(asm_lines[i], "@%d", addr);
+			user_symbol_cnt++;
+			addr++;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// start assembling
+	uint16_t *binary = calloc(32768, 2);
+	size_t inst_cnt = 0;	// current no. of instructions in binary
+	for (char **line = asm_lines; *line != NULL; line++) {
+		*(binary + inst_cnt) = assemble_inst(*line);
+		inst_cnt++;
+		if (inst_cnt > MAX_INST_LEN) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Max number of instruction (%d) exceeded\n", MAX_INST_LEN);
+			exit(EXIT_CODE_SIZE_EXCEEDED);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (verbose) {
+		print_symbols(symbols + predef_symbol_cnt, user_symbol_cnt);
+		print_binary_and_asm(binary, asm_lines, inst_cnt);
+		printf("\n");
+	}
+
+	for (char **line = asm_lines; *line != NULL; line++) free(*line);
+	free(asm_lines);
+	for (int s = predef_symbol_cnt; s < predef_symbol_cnt + user_symbol_cnt; s++) {
+		free(symbols[s].label);
+	}
+
+	// write binary
+	// output_fn = input_fn[:-4] + ".hack" if input_fn.endswith(".asm") else input_fn + ".hack"
+	int input_fn_len = strlen(input_fn);
+	char *output_fn = malloc(input_fn_len + 6);
+	strcpy(output_fn, input_fn);
+	if (input_fn_len >= 4 && strcmp(input_fn + input_fn_len - 4, ".asm") == 0) {
+		sprintf(output_fn + input_fn_len - 4, ".hack");
+	} else {
+		sprintf(output_fn + input_fn_len, ".hack");
+	}
+
+	FILE *output_file = fopen(output_fn, "w");
+	if (output_file == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open output file: %s\n", output_fn);
+		exit(EXIT_CODE_FILE_ERROR);
+	}
+	write_binary(output_file, binary, inst_cnt);
+	fclose(output_file);
+	free(binary);
+	printf("Binary written to %s\n", output_fn);
+	free(output_fn);
+
+	return inst_cnt;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	char *input_fn = NULL;
+	bool verbose = false;
+	for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+		if (strcmp(argv[i], "-h") == 0) {
+			printf("Usage: %s <input.asm> [-v]\n-v -- verbose mode\n", argv[0]);
+			exit(0);
+		} else if (strcmp(argv[i], "-v") == 0) {
+			verbose = true;
+		} else {
+			input_fn = argv[i];
+		}
+	}
+
+	assembler(input_fn, verbose);
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/projects/hack-as/hack-as.min.c b/projects/hack-as/hack-as.min.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d7252f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/hack-as/hack-as.min.c
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define MAX_ASM_LINE_LEN	64
+#define INST_CHUNK_LEN		64
+#define MAX_INST_LEN		32768
+#define MAX_ADDR		32767
+
+struct symbol {
+	char *label;
+	int addr;
+};
+
+void write_binary(FILE *file, uint16_t *binary, int cnt) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+		char binary_str[17];
+		binary_str[16] = '\0';
+		for (int b = 0; b < 16; b++) {
+			binary_str[b] = '0' + (*(binary + i) >> (15 - b)) % 2;
+		}
+		fprintf(file, "%s\n", binary_str);
+	}
+}
+
+uint16_t assemble_inst(char *asm_line) {
+	// assemble one line of assembly, terminated with \0
+	// labels and variables must be replaced with corresponding addresses beforehand
+	if (*asm_line == '@') {
+		// A instruction
+		return atoi(asm_line + 1);
+	} else {
+		// C instruction
+		uint16_t inst = 0xe000;	// set 3 MSBs to 1
+		char *eq = asm_line;
+		for (char *c = asm_line; *c != '\0'; c++) {
+			// find first equal sign (eq == asm_line if not found)
+			if (*c == '=') {
+				eq = c;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// slice out destination and copy to dest
+		int dest_len = eq - asm_line;
+		char *dest = malloc(dest_len + 1);
+		strncpy(dest, asm_line, dest_len);
+		dest[dest_len] = '\0';
+		if (dest_len == 0) {}	// ignore
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "M") == 0)	inst |= 0b001 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "D") == 0)	inst |= 0b010 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "MD") == 0)	inst |= 0b011 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "A") == 0)	inst |= 0b100 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "AM") == 0)	inst |= 0b101 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "AD") == 0)	inst |= 0b110 << 3;
+		else if (strcmp(dest, "AMD") == 0)	inst |= 0b111 << 3;
+		free(dest);
+
+		char *semi = eq;
+		for (; *semi != '\0'; semi++) {
+			// find jump instruction after semicolon (;) (*semi == '\0' if not found)
+			if (*semi == ';') break;
+		}
+		// ignore if there's no semicolon, or there's nothing after it
+		if (*semi == '\0' || *(semi + 1) == '\0') {}
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JGT") == 0)	inst |= 0b001;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JEQ") == 0)	inst |= 0b010;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JGE") == 0)	inst |= 0b011;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JLT") == 0)	inst |= 0b100;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JNE") == 0)	inst |= 0b101;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JLE") == 0)	inst |= 0b110;
+		else if (strcmp(semi + 1, "JMP") == 0)	inst |= 0b111;
+
+		// slice out computation and copy to comp
+		int comp_len = (*eq == '=') ? (semi - eq - 1) : (semi - eq);
+		char *comp = malloc(comp_len + 1);
+		strncpy(comp, (*eq == '=') ? (eq + 1) : eq, comp_len);
+		comp[comp_len] = '\0';
+		if (strcmp(comp, "0") == 0)		inst |= 0b0101010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0111111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "-1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0111010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0001100 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "A") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110000 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "M") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110000 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "!D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0001101 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "!A") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110001 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "!M") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110001 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "-D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0001111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "-A") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110011 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "-M") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110011 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D+1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0011111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "A+1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "M+1") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D-1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0001110 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "A-1") == 0)	inst |= 0b0110010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "M-1") == 0)	inst |= 0b1110010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D+A") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "A+D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0000010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D+M") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "M+D") == 0)	inst |= 0b1000010 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D-A") == 0)	inst |= 0b0010011 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D-M") == 0)	inst |= 0b1010011 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "A-D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0000111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "M-D") == 0)	inst |= 0b1000111 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D&A") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "A&D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0000000 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D&M") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "M&D") == 0)	inst |= 0b1000000 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D|A") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "A|D") == 0)	inst |= 0b0010101 << 6;
+		else if (strcmp(comp, "D|M") == 0
+			|| strcmp(comp, "M|D") == 0)	inst |= 0b1010101 << 6;
+		free(comp);
+		return inst;
+	}
+}
+
+size_t assembler(char *input_fn) {
+	// open input file
+	FILE *input_file = fopen(input_fn, "r");
+	// find size of input file
+	fseek(input_file, 0, SEEK_END);
+	size_t file_size = ftell(input_file);
+	fseek(input_file, 0, SEEK_SET);
+	// read input file
+	char *file_content = malloc(file_size);
+	fread(file_content, file_size, 1, input_file);
+	fclose(input_file);
+	
+	// strip away comments, labels, blank lines and whitespace from file_content
+	// resulting in lines of what looks like instructions in assembly but is not necessarily correct
+	// labels in parentheses are assigned corresponding addresses in ROM, then collected in `symbols`
+	// the strings are scattered in the heap but asm_lines collects pointers to them
+	char **asm_lines = calloc(INST_CHUNK_LEN, sizeof(char*));
+	int asm_line_cnt = 0;	// no. of lines (metaphorically) written into asm_lines
+	char *asm_line = malloc(MAX_ASM_LINE_LEN + 1);	// one line of (probably) assembly
+	int asm_char_cnt = 0;		// no. of chars written into asm_line
+	struct symbol symbols[MAX_INST_LEN] = {
+		{"SP", 0}, {"LCL", 1}, {"ARG", 2}, {"THIS", 3}, {"THAT", 4},
+		{"R0", 0}, {"R1", 1}, {"R2", 2}, {"R3", 3},
+		{"R4", 4}, {"R5", 5}, {"R6", 6}, {"R7", 7},
+		{"R8", 8}, {"R9", 9}, {"R10", 10}, {"R11", 11},
+		{"R12", 12}, {"R13", 13}, {"R14", 14}, {"R15", 15},
+		{"SCREEN", 16384}, {"KBD", 24576},
+	};
+	const int predef_symbol_cnt = 23;	// no. of predefined symbols
+	int user_symbol_cnt = 0;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < file_size; i++) {
+		switch (file_content[i]) {
+		case '\n':
+			// end of line; try to figure out what's in asm_line
+			if (asm_char_cnt == 0) continue;	// skip blank line or comment line
+			*(asm_line + asm_char_cnt) = '\0';
+			if (*asm_line == '(' && *(asm_line + asm_char_cnt - 1) == ')') {
+				// this line may be a label; extract label from between the parentheses
+				char *label = malloc(asm_char_cnt - 1);
+				strncpy(label, asm_line + 1, asm_char_cnt - 2);
+				free(asm_line);
+				*(label + asm_char_cnt - 2) = '\0';
+				symbols[predef_symbol_cnt + user_symbol_cnt] = (struct symbol) {label, asm_line_cnt};
+				user_symbol_cnt++;
+			} else {
+				// this line may be an instruction
+				// if we used up a chunk, realloc asm_lines
+				if (asm_line_cnt > 0 && asm_line_cnt % INST_CHUNK_LEN == 0) {
+					asm_lines = realloc(asm_lines, (asm_line_cnt + INST_CHUNK_LEN) * sizeof(char*));
+				}
+				asm_lines[asm_line_cnt] = asm_line;
+				asm_line_cnt++;
+			}
+			// allocate memory for next line
+			asm_char_cnt = 0;
+			asm_line = malloc(MAX_ASM_LINE_LEN + 1);
+			break;
+		case '/':
+			// we encountered a comment
+			// skip to last char of line
+			while (i + 1 < file_size && file_content[i + 1] != '\n') i++;
+			break;
+		case ' ':
+		case '\t':
+		case '\r':
+			break;	// ignore whitespace and CR
+		default:
+			*(asm_line + asm_char_cnt) = file_content[i];
+			asm_char_cnt++;
+		}
+	}
+	free(asm_line);
+	free(file_content);
+
+	// find and assign address to variables on the fly
+	int addr = 16;	// variable addresses start at 16
+	for (int i = 0; i < asm_line_cnt; i++) {
+		if (asm_lines[i] == NULL) break;	// no more instructions
+		if (*(asm_lines[i]) != '@') continue;	// not an A-instruction
+		char *addr_str = malloc(strlen(asm_lines[i]));
+		strcpy(addr_str, asm_lines[i] + 1);	// whatever comes after the @
+		bool is_symbol = false;
+		for (char *c = addr_str; *c != '\0'; c++) {
+			// search for non-numeric chars in addr_str
+			if (*c < '0' || *c > '9') is_symbol = true;
+		}
+		if (!is_symbol) {
+			free(addr_str);
+			continue;	// address is decimal constant
+		}
+		// search for symbol in list
+		bool found = false;
+		for (int s = 0; s < predef_symbol_cnt + user_symbol_cnt; s++) {
+			if (strcmp(addr_str, symbols[s].label) == 0) {
+				// overwrite asm line with decimal constant
+				sprintf(asm_lines[i], "@%d", symbols[s].addr);
+				found = true;
+				free(addr_str);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!found) {
+			// add symbol to list
+			symbols[predef_symbol_cnt + user_symbol_cnt] = (struct symbol) {addr_str, addr};
+			sprintf(asm_lines[i], "@%d", addr);
+			user_symbol_cnt++;
+			addr++;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	// start assembling
+	uint16_t *binary = calloc(32768, 2);
+	size_t inst_cnt = 0;	// current no. of instructions in binary
+	for (char **line = asm_lines; *line != NULL; line++) {
+		*(binary + inst_cnt) = assemble_inst(*line);
+		inst_cnt++;
+	}
+
+	for (char **line = asm_lines; *line != NULL; line++) free(*line);
+	free(asm_lines);
+	for (int s = predef_symbol_cnt; s < predef_symbol_cnt + user_symbol_cnt; s++) {
+		free(symbols[s].label);
+	}
+
+	// write binary
+	// output_fn = input_fn[:-4] + ".hack" if input_fn.endswith(".asm") else input_fn + ".hack"
+	int input_fn_len = strlen(input_fn);
+	char *output_fn = malloc(input_fn_len + 6);
+	strcpy(output_fn, input_fn);
+	if (input_fn_len >= 4 && strcmp(input_fn + input_fn_len - 4, ".asm") == 0) {
+		sprintf(output_fn + input_fn_len - 4, ".hack");
+	} else {
+		sprintf(output_fn + input_fn_len, ".hack");
+	}
+
+	FILE *output_file = fopen(output_fn, "w");
+	write_binary(output_file, binary, inst_cnt);
+	fclose(output_file);
+	free(binary);
+	printf("Binary written to %s\n", output_fn);
+	free(output_fn);
+
+	return inst_cnt;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	assembler(argv[1]);
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/projects/hack-as/hack-as.py b/projects/hack-as/hack-as.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb70abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/hack-as/hack-as.py
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+from sys import stderr
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+EXIT_CODES = {
+    "file_error": 1,
+    "illegal_char": 2,
+    "size_exceeded": 3,
+    "syntax_error": 4,
+    "addr_error": 5,
+    "symbol_error": 6,
+}
+
+PREDEFINED_SYMBOL_CNT = 23
+MAX_INST_LEN = 32768
+MAX_ADDR = 32767
+
+PREDEFINED_SYMBOLS = {
+    "SP": 0,
+    "LCL": 1,
+    "ARG": 2,
+    "THIS": 3,
+    "THAT": 4,
+    "R0": 0,
+    "R1": 1,
+    "R2": 2,
+    "R3": 3,
+    "R4": 4,
+    "R5": 5,
+    "R6": 6,
+    "R7": 7,
+    "R8": 8,
+    "R9": 9,
+    "R10": 10,
+    "R11": 11,
+    "R12": 12,
+    "R13": 13,
+    "R14": 14,
+    "R15": 15,
+    "SCREEN": 16384,
+    "KBD": 24576,
+}
+
+DEST = {
+    "": 0b000 << 3,
+    "M": 0b001 << 3,
+    "D": 0b010 << 3,
+    "MD": 0b011 << 3,
+    "A": 0b100 << 3,
+    "AM": 0b101 << 3,
+    "AD": 0b110 << 3,
+    "AMD": 0b111 << 3,
+}
+
+JMP = {
+    "": 0b000,
+    "JGT": 0b001,
+    "JEQ": 0b010,
+    "JGE": 0b011,
+    "JLT": 0b100,
+    "JNE": 0b101,
+    "JLE": 0b110,
+    "JMP": 0b111,
+}
+
+
+COMP = {
+    "0": 0b0101010 << 6,
+    "1": 0b0111111 << 6,
+    "-1": 0b0111010 << 6,
+    "D": 0b0001100 << 6,
+    "A": 0b0110000 << 6,
+    "M": 0b1110000 << 6,
+    "!D": 0b0001101 << 6,
+    "!A": 0b0110001 << 6,
+    "!M": 0b1110001 << 6,
+    "-D": 0b0001111 << 6,
+    "-A": 0b0110011 << 6,
+    "-M": 0b1110011 << 6,
+    "D+1": 0b0011111 << 6,
+    "A+1": 0b0110111 << 6,
+    "M+1": 0b1110111 << 6,
+    "D-1": 0b0001110 << 6,
+    "A-1": 0b0110010 << 6,
+    "M-1": 0b1110010 << 6,
+    "D+A": 0b0000010 << 6,
+    "A+D": 0b0000010 << 6,
+    "D+M": 0b1000010 << 6,
+    "M+D": 0b1000010 << 6,
+    "D-A": 0b0010011 << 6,
+    "D-M": 0b1010011 << 6,
+    "A-D": 0b0000111 << 6,
+    "M-D": 0b1000111 << 6,
+    "D&A": 0b0000000 << 6,
+    "A&D": 0b0000000 << 6,
+    "D&M": 0b1000000 << 6,
+    "M&D": 0b1000000 << 6,
+    "D|A": 0b0010101 << 6,
+    "A|D": 0b0010101 << 6,
+    "D|M": 0b1010101 << 6,
+    "M|D": 0b1010101 << 6,
+}
+
+
+def find_illegal_symbol_char(symbol):
+    for c in symbol:
+        if (not c.isascii()) or (not (c.isalnum() or c in "_.$:")):
+            return c
+
+    return None
+
+
+def print_symbols(symbols):
+    print("====== SYMBOLS =====")
+    print("label\taddr")
+    for label, addr in symbols.items():
+        print(f"{label}\t{addr}")
+
+
+def print_binary_and_asm(binary, asm_lines):
+    # binary and asm_lines are assumed to be of the same length
+    print("====== RESULTS =====")
+    print("addr\tbinary          \tinst")
+    for line_no, bin, asm in zip(range(len(binary)), binary, asm_lines):
+        print(f"{line_no}\t{bin:016b}\t{asm}")
+
+
+def write_binary(file, binary):
+    for inst in binary:
+        file.write(f"{inst:016b}\n")
+
+
+def assemble_inst(asm_line):
+    if asm_line.startswith("@"):
+        # A instruction
+        addr_str = asm_line[1:]
+        addr = int(addr_str)
+        if addr > MAX_ADDR:
+            print(f"Address out of range: {addr}", file=stderr)
+            exit(EXIT_CODES["addr_error"])
+
+        return addr
+    else:
+        # dest=comp;jmp
+        inst = 0xE000
+        dest, _, rhs = asm_line.partition("=")
+        if not rhs:
+            rhs = dest
+            dest = ""
+
+        comp, _, jmp = rhs.partition(";")
+        if dest not in DEST:
+            print(f"Invalid destination: {dest}", file=stderr)
+            exit(EXIT_CODES["syntax_error"])
+
+        inst |= DEST[dest]
+
+        if jmp not in JMP:
+            print(f"Invalid jump instruction: {jmp}", file=stderr)
+            exit(EXIT_CODES["syntax_error"])
+
+        inst |= JMP[jmp]
+
+        if comp not in COMP:
+            print(f"Invalid computation: {comp}", file=stderr)
+            exit(EXIT_CODES["syntax_error"])
+
+        inst |= COMP[comp]
+
+        return inst
+
+
+def assembler(input_fn, verbose):
+    try:
+        input_file = open(input_fn, "r")
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        print(f"Cannot open input file: {input_fn}", file=stderr)
+        exit(EXIT_CODES["file_error"])
+
+    asm_lines = []
+    line = input_file.readline()
+    asm_line_cnt = 0
+    user_symbols = {}
+    while line:
+        line = line.rstrip("\n")
+        # throw away comment and whitespace
+        asm_line = line.partition("//")[0].replace(" ", "").replace("\t", "")
+        if not asm_line:
+            # skip blank or comment line
+            line = input_file.readline()
+            continue
+
+        if asm_line.startswith("(") and asm_line.endswith(")"):
+            # asm_line may be a label
+            label = asm_line[1:-1]
+            illegal_char = find_illegal_symbol_char(label)
+            if illegal_char is not None:
+                print(f"Illegal character: {illegal_char}", file=stderr)
+                exit(EXIT_CODES["illegal_char"])
+
+            if label in user_symbols or label in PREDEFINED_SYMBOLS:
+                print(f"Symbol {label} already exists", file=stderr)
+                exit(EXIT_CODES["symbol_error"])
+
+            user_symbols[label] = asm_line_cnt
+        else:
+            # asm_line may be an instruction
+            asm_lines.append(asm_line)
+            asm_line_cnt += 1
+            if asm_line_cnt > MAX_INST_LEN:
+                print(
+                    f"Max number of instruction ({MAX_INST_LEN}) exceeded", file=stderr
+                )
+                exit(EXIT_CODE_SIZE_EXCEEDED)
+
+        line = input_file.readline()
+
+    input_file.close()
+
+    # find and assign address to variables on the fly
+    addr = 16  # variable addresses start at 16
+    for line_no, asm_line in enumerate(asm_lines):
+        if not asm_line.startswith("@"):
+            continue
+
+        addr_str = asm_line[1:]  # whatever comes after the @
+        if not addr_str:
+            print("Address cannot be empty", file=stderr)
+            exit(EXIT_CODES["addr_error"])
+
+        if addr_str.isascii() and addr_str.isdecimal():
+            # address is decimal constant
+            continue
+
+        if addr_str in PREDEFINED_SYMBOLS:
+            asm_lines[line_no] = f"@{PREDEFINED_SYMBOLS[addr_str]}"
+        elif addr_str in user_symbols:
+            asm_lines[line_no] = f"@{user_symbols[addr_str]}"
+        else:
+            user_symbols[addr_str] = addr
+            asm_lines[line_no] = f"@{addr}"
+            addr += 1
+
+    binary = []
+    for asm_line in asm_lines:
+        binary.append(assemble_inst(asm_line))
+
+    if verbose:
+        print_symbols(user_symbols)
+        print_binary_and_asm(binary, asm_lines)
+
+    output_fn = (
+        input_fn[:-4] + ".hack" if input_fn.endswith(".asm") else input_fn + ".hack"
+    )
+    try:
+        output_file = open(output_fn, "w")
+    except:
+        print(f"Cannot open output file: {output_fn}", file=stderr)
+
+    write_binary(output_file, binary)
+    output_file.close()
+    print(f"Binary written to {output_fn}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="verbose mode")
+    parser.add_argument("input_fn", help="input file in assembly")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    assembler(args.input_fn, args.verbose)
diff --git a/projects/hack-as/test/compare.hack b/projects/hack-as/test/compare.hack
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f33a9d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/hack-as/test/compare.hack
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+0000000000000000
+1111110000010000
+0000000000010111
+1110001100000110
+0000000000010000
+1110001100001000
+0100000000000000
+1110110000010000
+0000000000010001
+1110001100001000
+0000000000010001
+1111110000100000
+1110111010001000
+0000000000010001
+1111110000010000
+0000000000100000
+1110000010010000
+0000000000010001
+1110001100001000
+0000000000010000
+1111110010011000
+0000000000001010
+1110001100000001
+0000000000010111
+1110101010000111
diff --git a/projects/hack-as/test/conventional.asm b/projects/hack-as/test/conventional.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5510424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/hack-as/test/conventional.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// conventional asm a sane person would write

+// draw a rectangle on top left of screen

+// width 16px, height specified in RAM[0]

+@0

+D=M

+@INFINITE_LOOP

+D;JLE	// reject if height is negative

+@counter

+M=D

+@SCREEN

+D=A

+@address

+M=D

+(LOOP)

+	@address

+   	A=M

+   	M=-1

+   	@address

+   	D=M

+   	@32

+   	D=D+A

+   	@address

+   	M=D

+   	@counter

+   	MD=M-1

+   	@LOOP

+   	D;JGT

+

+(INFINITE_LOOP)

+	@INFINITE_LOOP

+	0;JMP

+

diff --git a/projects/hack-as/test/valid.asm b/projects/hack-as/test/valid.asm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d705f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/hack-as/test/valid.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// valid asm, but with unnecessary whitespace, = and ;
+@ 0		// unnecessary space
+D=M
+@INFINITE_LOOP
+=D;JLE		// unnecessary =
+@counter
+M=D;		// unnecessary ;
+@SCREEN
+D = A		// unnecessary spaces
+@address
+M = D;		// unnecessary spaces and ;
+( LOOP )	// unnecessary spaces
+	@address
+   	A=M
+   	M=-1
+   	@address
+   	D=M
+   	@32
+   	D=D+A
+   	@address
+   	M=D
+   	@counter
+   	MD=M-1
+   	@LOOP
+   	D;JGT
+
+(INFINITE_LOOP)
+	@INFINITE_LOOP
+	0;JMP